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The reason is that the Particle Filter is less affected by measurement errors, this fact becomes clear in the following sections.
In case of normally distributed measurement errors, this corresponds to a maximum likelihood estimation.
The χ merit function which is optimized within PW to fit the model y= y(t; p) is (1) with y i being data point i with SD σ i and y(t i ; p) being the model value at time point i for parameter values p. For normally distributed measurement errors, this corresponds to a Maximum Likelihood estimation (see Supplementary Material, Section 9.1).
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By controlling for measurement error, this method tested the assumption of whether the frailty measure is uni-dimensional or not.
While the IDR exceeding 100% is intuitively confusing and appears to be a measurement error, this is not the case here.
To minimise this measurement error, this paper presents a Kriging-based procedure to identify the minimum of measured points to check the conformity with a given confidence level.
Although this aggregation may result in some measurement error, this is less of a problem when we look at wage changes instead of wage levels, since the agreed percentage changes are usually similar across broad positions.
Thus, the intensity selected should be sufficient to generate increments (or differences) in V̇O2 greater than the total measurement error (this topic will be addressed in the "Data Processing" section).
Again to minimize potential measurement error this construct was treated as a latent variable in the subsequent analysis.
Among children always living in the same community, with lesser exposure measurement error, this association was magnified (OR = 2.40; 95% CI, 1.48 3.88).
If CD4 counts declined linearly while treatment-naive (ie, in the absence of Brownian motion and measurement error), this censoring would no longer occur.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com