Under the assumption of non-differential measurement error these residuals should be uncorrelated with the observed measurement error u.
While auxiliary data allow researchers to examine the nature of measurement error, these data typically do not contain information on the dependent variable of interest.
If the discordance were simply a result of measurement error, these metrics would not be repeatable within individuals.
As the stiffness subscale only contains 2 items, in order to reduce measurement error, these two items were combined with the pain items to form the total score as this was shown as being unidimensional (see Table 3).
Because of these measurement errors, the association study in pigs is likely to provide higher statistical power than that for humans if they are under similar conditions except the measurement errors.
In recent analysis of this issue, Zeger et al. (2000) demonstrated that in the case of two pollutants measured with error, the correlation between the two pollutants, the variances of measurement errors of these two pollutants, and the correlation between the two errors would predict the magnitude and direction of bias.
It is important to stress that the administrative source and the comprehensive nature of the dataset reduce measurement errors of these two parameters to a negligible level.
As discussed above, price data must be imputed and measurement errors in these data tend to bias estimated coefficients towards zero.
Occasional observations of negative diameter change were assumed to result from unbiased measurement errors, therefore these negative diameter changes were kept to avoid introducing bias.
Compared with Adjusted R2 in Table 4, we found that more variance (9%) in turnover intention could be accounted for by both job satisfaction and burnout when the measurement errors of these observed variables were excluded.
