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Retrospective exposure measurement is typically limited to parent recall or linkage to historical data (e.g. air pollutant monitors), and therefore incurs a moderate degree of exposure measurement error; this error would be expected to attenuate measured associations, possibly masking true associations.
By controlling for measurement error, this method tested the assumption of whether the frailty measure is uni-dimensional or not.
Among children always living in the same community, with lesser exposure measurement error, this association was magnified (OR = 2.40; 95% CI, 1.48 3.88).
To minimise this measurement error, this paper presents a Kriging-based procedure to identify the minimum of measured points to check the conformity with a given confidence level.
While the IDR exceeding 100% is intuitively confusing and appears to be a measurement error, this is not the case here.
Although this aggregation may result in some measurement error, this is less of a problem when we look at wage changes instead of wage levels, since the agreed percentage changes are usually similar across broad positions.
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The reason is that the Particle Filter is less affected by measurement errors, this fact becomes clear in the following sections.
In case of normally distributed measurement errors, this corresponds to a maximum likelihood estimation.
Because of measurement error, the coefficient on this variable is quite likely to be biased downward.
This change likely represents measurement error with this instrument rather than any "real" change in depression [ 51].
The distributions were similar, suggesting there was little measurement error in this self reported illness measure (see appendix figure A4).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com