The above analysis of the MAQC data demonstrates that the magnitude of technical noise in microarray data has been gravely exaggerated, which point of view is likely to originate from the deterministic way of thinking that attributes all the variability in the data to measurement errors, thereby entirely ignoring the fact that the biological signal x ij is random.
The latter prohibited removing measurement error and thereby decreased the power of the analysis [ 40].
Breaking the link between reviewer and hospital removes vested interest and ensures that any measurement error is systematic, thereby reducing risk of bias in comparisons between institutions.
Some researchers experience an urge to estimate as many measurement error variances as possible – thereby avoiding fixed measurement error variances.
Fourth, structural equation modeling was used to control for a latent factor of externalizing problems, thereby minimizing measurement error in the covariate.
In order to facilitate standardised test procedures that could be implemented in a clinic, we used inexpensive, easily accessible equipment, which allowed us, for example, to establish easily detectable cut off points at which muscle fatigue occurred and thereby reduce measurement error.
First, we used standardized 24-hour recall data to calibrate the FFQ measurements, thereby reducing potential measurement error.
For example, if y5's underidentified-if-freed measurement error variance was fixed at zero (thereby claiming no measurement error), the extent of the bias this introduces would depend on whether the true latent was η3A, η3B, or η3C.
Strengths of this study include microenvironmental monitoring of air pollutants, which has proven to be optimal for studying pollutant-induced health effects, thereby limiting exposure measurement error.
Constituent concentrations might vary over local spatial scales that are not captured by these monitors and thereby contribute to exposure measurement error.
