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A separate but related set of issues to missing data is the problem of measurement error, subsequent misclassification, and resulting bias.
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The self-reported nature of the FFQ and potential changes in an individual's diet over time leaves open the possibility of measurement error and subsequent exposure misclassification.
The difference between the two measurements was defined as a closed-loop measurement error and the subsequent analysis was performed to determine the significant factors affecting the errors.
Whatever the prediction algorithm, using the estimated rather than true exposures induces measurement error in the subsequent epidemiologic analysis.
Given that variation between sperm heads clearly exceeded that of measurement error (see Results) subsequent analyses were based on a single digitization of landmarks per head.
From a psychometric perspective, the results of this study combined with similar findings of a strong cross-loading for the dizzy item [ 15, 27] suggest that including responses to the dizzy item in the total score of either a pleasant or unpleasant factor will add considerable measurement error to any subsequent analyses involving summary scores.
In clinical practice, poor positive predictive value means that many of those screening positive are not suffering from a psychiatric disorder but may be deemed to warrant further investigation; in a research context it means that many participants will be misclassified, a form of measurement error that will bias subsequent analyses [ 5].
Measuring test measurement error: A general approach.
As discussed in subsequent sections, decreasing measurement error remains an important objective in the FSEP context.
Hence, our decision in Step 2 to ignore within-liver sampling error and measurement error as having a negligible effect on subsequent calculations is justified.
Findings from our study and its overall methodology may be used in subsequent analyses to adjust for measurement error in primary regression linking intake of essential fatty acids with various disease outcomes.
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