Although we have adjusted for the possible confounding effects of ETS, there is always the possibility that some residual confounding remains, possibly due to measurement error or the shared variance between ETS and PAH measures.
This may explain partially why almost no unique environmental influence was estimated for quantity of cigarettes smoked and the estimate for unique environmental influence on quantity of marijuana use was non-significant, as the majority of unique environmental influences for progression, including measurement error, could be shared with the initiation of these substances use.
This methodology risks shared measurement error and does not account for part or whole correlation [ 56] which can lead to type I errors [ 43].
Hence, while the changes in O2ER may be true, they may also be due to the mathematical coupling of a shared measurement error.
A four-item short version of the SIQ-JR (SIQ-JR-4) was proposed by using the ranking of corrected item-total correlations, since this method can minimize the shared measurement error of item scores and total score [ 33].
Measurement error is random and therefore not shared by twins.
For the PedsQL™ Oral Health child-self-report version, items OH2 and OH4 appear to have something in common, sharing a common measurement error term.
is the SE that captures measurement error involved in the budget share and the variations in quality among products.
Heritabilities of over 70% have rarely been reported, leaving room for substantial influences from a combination of environmental factors that are not shared across twins, and for measurement error.
The instrumentation strategy should also attenuate any measurement error in the computation of immigrant shares at the skill-group level (Aydemir and Borjas 2011).
Any measurement error in the computation of immigrant shares should lead to an attenuation bias in the estimated wage and employment effects of immigration.
