We denote the true covariate, X, and its surrogate, W, measured with error U under the classical additive measurement error model such that W = X + U. We assume X~N 0,1), U~N 0, σu), and that given X, W contributes no additional information about the outcome, Y.
We assume that C can be measured at K discrete time points, and we use a proportional measurement error model as Kristensen et al. (2005): (8) to generate an in silico set of 20 data points (for details see Supplementary Data, section 5).
Note that the measurement error model is still distance-dependent based on (4), and is treated as a known value.
A parameterized magnetometer measurement error model was established, where the error parameters are calibrated using different calibration algorithms.
Finally, simulations are conducted and the results verify the correctness of pose measurement error model and the effectiveness of the optimized design of target parameters.
Firstly, a monocular-vision pose measurement model is established covering non-coplanar target parameters, and a pose measurement error model is deduced.
Applying these methods we constructed a comprehensive measurement error model that included both systematic error and random error components, and derived calibration equations that can be applied to place all of the PM2.5 mass concentration measurements on the same scale.
The future study should include Bland Altman plot and a measurement error model to provide a more informative comparison by determining the relative biases (i.e., systematic error, including differences in measurement scale, or scale bias) and imprecision (i.e., random error, adjusted for scale bias).
If the system fails with two combined failure modes, then an additive measurement error model is assumed.
For example, active links can be selected following a method based on a compromise between false positives and false negatives based on a measurement error model, originally proposed to quantize gene expression data [8].
Unlike the Measurement Error model, we do not assume any phylogenetic signal in X[ 61].
