From Figure 3d, the measurement error changes with OD, and we empirically estimate the measurement error at each OD as the standard deviation of the 20 nearest data points to the data point at that OD.
The SDDs presented here may be used both when comparing between different patients (for the assessment of relative prognosis), and for serial imaging of the same patient to clarify if the reported changes in MRI parameters (eg, in the length of tear, extent of oedema) are potentially due to measurement error (changes less than the SDD) or not (changes greater than the SDD).
The fluctuation of data may occur due to measurement error, change of roughness of the bottom boundary and due to change of bed elevation at the central section.
While NAEP scores are widely cited, score changes over time can be a reflection of trends outside the classroom, such as changing demographics, attrition, measurement error, and changes in circumstances including the effects of the recession.
"But you can't look at two consecutive data points and say we're really cooking now". While NAEP scores are widely cited, score changes over time can be a reflection of trends outside the classroom, such as changing demographics, attrition, measurement error and changes in circumstances, including the effects of the recession.
To detect change in clinical practice beyond measurement error potential changes should be larger than these SDD values.
This measure has also the advantage of accounting for measurement error or changes in hours worked that may emerge as outliers in the data.
Such tonic currents will be subject to measurement error, but changes in RMS current noise may offer greater reliability for monitoring the activity of tonically active GABAARs (Mtchedlishvili & Kapur, 2006; Glykys & Mody, 2007).
To assess the combined effects of measurement error and changes in women's BMI over the follow-up period, a sample of women was asked to have their weight and height measured by their general practitioners 9 years after their reporting of height and weight.
CSC is fulfilled if (a) a symptom score is under a calculated cut-off score at posttreatment and (b) a symptom score had decreased by a reliable amount of change exceeding the measurement error (reliable change index (RCI)).
X-ray data from a recent study [ 4], however, showed that OA disease progression, especially in the knee joint, is heterogeneous; only 13.2% of the 2,483 knee OA patients followed for 24 months could be characterized as progressors (which might be of clinical significance), as defined by a changed JSW outside of the measurement error (JSW change >0.6 mm).
