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The so-called measurement size reduction technique consists of two parts: the logarithmic quantization and the stochastic measurement element selection.
The measurement element represents spatial information of an object (Fig. 4).
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This data provided five measurement elements of child-friendly space and their weight ratio.
Increased IAP levels became one of the routine physiologic parameter measurement elements in critical patients and indicate prognosis.
The Measurements element contains a list of Values (the measurements of each recorded channel).
Assuming independent and identically distributed (IID) measurements (elements in 𝒟), a factorized form for the joint data likelihood can then be written as f = ∏ i =1 I ∏ j =1 J f y ij | p j, x i, λ i ), where θ is a collection of all model parameters, i.e. p tj 's, x tic 's, and λ i 's.
where Y is the vector of measured RF impairment using simulation or actual measurement (each element corresponding to one sample configuration that is simulated) while the vector N represents measurement noise during the estimation process.
We accounted for error variation inherent in measurement of element concentrations in the samples, with both quality control and twin samples contributing to the maximum-likelihood estimation of and adjustment for day effects [see Supplemental Material (doi 10.1289/ehp.0901541) for additional details].
Fluorescent X-rays give a direct measurement of elements present, independent of assumptions about the type of mineral or other complications.
Several experiments now under construction or in various stages of study are intended to improve cosmic ray composition measurements through element (or element group) identification.
In parallel to experimental measurements, finite element (FE) analyses have been performed to study the stress distribution globally and also locally around the designed pores.
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