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We then measured wing lengths on the digital image using ImageJ software and applying a calibration of 600 pixels: 1000um [ 45].
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As a proxy for overall body size we measured wing length as this trait has been shown to correlate with other measures of body size and is easily standardized between individuals [ 27, 44].
Adult female size was estimated by measuring wing length using a dissecting microscope fitted with a graduated eye-piece (precision: 0.03 mm).
We checked the nests once per 3 days and monitored growth of both nestlings by measuring wing length (to the nearest millimeter), until the eldest nestling reached the age of 18 days, since older young tended to fledge prematurely when handled.
In order to evaluate the flight capability of the new species we measured the wing lengths and areas (to calculate wing loading) [48] of fresh specimens of selected Fringillidae.
The body size of all males was later measured by measuring their wing length (see above).
Female body size was estimated for each F3 isofemale family by measuring the wing lengths of a random sample of 20 individuals per family.
In addition, because posterior lobe morphology is largely unaffected by variation in overall body size (Liu et al. 1996; Macdonald and Goldstein 1999; Shingleton et al. 2009; Masly et al. 2011), we did not seek to control for such variation, for instance, by measuring wing area or tibia length.
Before this time we only measured the wing length and tarsus length.
Trends in damselfly body size (measured as wing length) did not explain trends in mite numbers on hosts within a season.
We measured the wings lengths of 244 bees of 28 colonies (8 9 bees/colony) following the FABIS method (Sylvester and Rinderer 1987).
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