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We sampled bird communities with point counts and measured visual obstruction, pine tree height, woody stem density, and vegetation structure and coverage by growth form (e.g., forb, fern, grass, legume, pine, sedge and rush, woody non-pine, vine).
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The clinic measured visual impairment and blindness with unaided visual acuity using a LogMar Chart with Snellen scoring.
Clinical Centers measured visual fields prospectively.
Blackwell, H. R. Studies of pyschophysical methods for measuring visual thresholds.
The preoperative and postoperative visual function assessment involved measuring visual acuity using formal visual field testing.
The picture completion subtest measures visual perception, specifically, alertness to visual detail [ 93].
To evaluate understory vegetation height, we measured the average visual obstruction (cm) at each nest site using a Robel pole (Robel et al. 1970).
Vertical density (an index of biomass) [56] was quantified by measuring the minimum height of visual obstruction from 4m in each cardinal direction from a Robel pole at a height of 1m [57].
Nest site (15-m scale) habitat metrics (mean visual obstruction [cm] and canopy closure ) had the greatest influence on nest site selection relative to covariates measured at larger spatial scales.
The visual obstruction duration could be taken into account to evaluate the procedure, as a third criterion.
Scale notwithstanding, the memorial is not the visual obstruction many have feared.
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