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Urinary TIMP-2 and plasma IL-6 were measured using research assays based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Toray Industries, Kamakura, Japan).
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NGAL (Triage® immunoassay, Biosite Inc. Alere, San Diego, CA, USA), KIM-1, π- GST, and α-GST (Argutus Medical, Dublin, Ireland) concentrations were measured using research-based immunoassays.
High risk was measured using previous research [ 27] and included measures of factors such as chronic disease and substance abuse.
Height and weight were measured using standard research procedures at the MECs and were used to calculate body mass index (BMI).
The former can only be measured using sophisticated research tools and clinically is impractical; the latter can easily be incorporated into a busy primary care practice using a dynamometer as a component of sarcopenia.
We previously showed in a small cohort of patients that plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), measured using a research enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is an early predictive biomarker of AKI after CPB.
In a cohort of 20 patients who developed AKI 2 to 3 days after cardiac surgery, plasma NGAL measured using a research enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was elevated within 2 to 6 hours after CPB [ 16].
Gene expression was measured using the inhouse research microarray of SIRS-Lab GmbH Jena (Germany), which comprised probes for 5226 human genes relevant to inflammation, immune response and related processes.
HDAC activity was measured using HDAC Fluorometric Assay/Drug Discovery kit (BIOMOL research Laboratories Inc ., according to manufacturer's instructions.
Research utilization and attitude towards research were measured using the Edmonton Research Orientation Scale.
Weight (to the nearest 0.1 kg) is measured using GP configured scales by research assistants.
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