Distances of 1-km were measured using built-in rulers in Google and Baidu Maps.
In case of doubt regarding fracture grade, the vertebrae in question was measured using built-in morphometry.
The same program was also used to produce waveforms and sonograms for each call from which variables were measured using built-in software tools.
Each vertebra that was judged as fractured by visual inspection by any of the investigators was measured using built-in morphometry and assigned a grade based on Genant SQ scale [ 22], where grade 1 (mild) fracture is a reduction in vertebral height of 20-25%, grade 2 (moderate) a reduction of 26-40%, and grade 3 (severe) a reduction of over 40%.
Acoustic features of recordings were extracted and measured using custom built programs in PRAAT 5.2.22 DSP package (Boersma and Weenink 2011) that automatically logged relevant variables in an output file.
Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured using a custom built oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring system built by P. Murgatroyd.
The electrical conductivity of the stretchable conductor samples were measured using a custom built automated 4-point probe measurement system connected to a Keithey 2400 Sourcemeter (n=5, error bars represent standard deviation).
The coefficient of thermal expansion for polymer concrete was measured using a custom built device.
The air-side thermal and aerodynamic characteristics were measured using a purpose built steady-state test facility.
Cardiac function in adult Drosophila was measured using a custom built OCT microscopy system (Bioptigen , Inc as previously described.[4] Briefly, adult Drosophila at 7 days post eclosion were briefly subjected to CO2, placed on a soft gel support, and allowed to fully awaken based on body movement.
Cardiac function in adult Drosophila was measured using a custom built OCT microscopy system (Bioptigen Inc., Durham, NC) as previously described (Wolf et al., 2006; Yu et al., 2010).
