Bardyn et al. [20] compared the FEA-predicted removal torque with that measured using sheep bone and polyurethane foam as a validation technique.
To identify which among various cytokines are retained with high concentration in the serum of multiple myeloma patients, 8 cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF α, TGF β_1, and IFN γ) levels were measured using 45 bone marrow aspirate samples of multiple myeloma patients (Table 1).
This was measured using the fluorochrome bone markers and represents the growth rate near the end of the study.
The surface temperatures of bone were measured using a thermal camera and internal bone temperatures were measured using 2 theromocouples.
Bones were measured using digital calipers after the bones had been cleared for soft tissues.
Microarchitectural changes were then measured using a three-dimensional bone structure analyzing system (TRI/3D-BON; RATOC System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) [ 23].
BS and mineralizing surface were measured using ImageJ, and the bone formation rate was calculated by multiplying mineralizing surface and mineral apposition rate.
In addition, using ovariectomized monkeys, a study by Binte Anwar et al. [ 23] showed an increase in fragility of the trabecular bone in the molar alveolar bone concomitant with decreased BMD in the lumbar bone, as measured using DXA.
Bone SOS was measured using the Sunlight Omnisense 7000S quantitative ultrasound bone sonometer device (Sunlight Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel), and results were expressed as SOS (m/s).
The degree of bone regeneration was calculated as percent area of new bone within the bone graft and measured using the image analysis software (Image-Pro Plus 6.0, USA).
