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Each pub's dimensions were measured using a Calculated Industries Dimension Master ultrasonic digital ruler (range 2 ft – 50 ft, resolution ± 1%), by a Bushnell Yardage Pro Sport Compact infrared laser Rangefinder (range 10 yd to 700 yd, resolution ± 1 yd), or estimated by pacing, if the venue was too crowded or irregular in shape.
After the second episode of IPD, the antibody response against PPV23 was measured using a calculated geometrical mean of 12 representative capsule-types (1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7 F, 9 V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19 F), and interpreted as sufficient.
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Tumor diameter was measured using a caliper and calculated as the mean value between the shortest and the longest diameters.
Sizes of tumors were measured using a caliper and calculated using the equation V = (a· b· b /2, where a indicated the length (mm) and b indicated the width (mm) of the tumor, and V is the final volume (mm).
Recognition locus diversity was measured using an index, calculated as (1 - ∑ k = 1 k f k 2 ) / 1 – 1 / k, where f k is the frequency of the kth allele.
Small steps are often measured using a profilometer by calculating the least-squares straight line through the data and then identifying the areas above and below this as being step and substrate.
Membrane-membrane spacings were measured using a program that calculates the distance between each voxel of the digitized membrane model (surface representation) and its nearest neighbour in the opposite cell membrane.
The absorbance at 562 nm was measured using a spectrometer to calculate the concentration of protein [ 15].
The radioactivity was measured using a gamma counter and calculated as percentage injected dose per gram (% ID/g).
Tumor volume (mm3) was measured using a caliper and was calculated using the following equation (Chou, 2006): Tumor volume (mm3) = (length × width2) × 0.5.
In Figure 12, transformation a is estimated using AR marker recognition, b is measured using a scale, c is calculated as external parameters from camera calibration result, and d is estimated using LINE-MOD.
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