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The definition of hypertension in this study was based not only on self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension but also on measured unknown hypertension; however, the single measurement of BP values may have led to a false positive assignment of hypertension.
Still, no associations were found between hypertension and air pollution in the subset of 23,026 participants from which subjects with measured unknown hypertension were excluded to consider the misclassification of hypertension by BP measurement error.
Among 17,428 hypertensive subjects, 12,702 were self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension and 4,726 belonged to measured unknown hypertension.
Still the associations between hypertension and 1-year exposures to air pollutants were not found when subjects with measured unknown hypertension were excluded.
In this study, subjects who either had self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension (subjects had been diagnosed with hypertension and used antihypertensive medication) or had measured unknown hypertension (measured BP values ≥ 140 mmHg for systolic BP or ≥ 90 mmHg for diastolic BP but had never been diagnosed with hypertension) were all defined as hypertensive subjects.
Similar(55)
Statistical parameter estimation theory is proposed as a quantitative method to measure unknown structure parameters from electron microscopy images.
The database approach consists basically of three steps: measuring reference substances to generate a database, measuring unknown or difficult samples and using the database for the identification of these samples.
A Boolean framework for measuring unknown interactions between different biological entities and for the classification of genes in disease conditions have been reported by earlier studies [ 12, 15].
Because many of the parameters (kinetic constants, concentrations of components, which cannot be measured) are unknown, we use a Monte-Carlo approach, drawing unknown parameters from probability distributions reflecting our knowledge (or lack thereof).
This is difficult from an experimental point of view because often the atomic scale details of the surface whose emission has been measured are unknown.
Girls showed a greater association between living near a major road and the health outcomes measured, for unknown reasons.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com