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We added normally distributed random noise independently to the x and y coordinates of a sample contour and measured the deviation Δ of the resulting descriptors l ~ k and | l ~ k | as Δ l := 1 L ∑ k = 1 m | l k - l ~ k | + | l N - k - l ~ N - k | Δ | l | := 1 L ∑ k = 1 m | | l k | - | l ~ k | | + | | l N - k | - | l ~ N - k | |.
In summary of this section, we have measured the deviation from equilibrium of the intracellular medium in a generic model of malignant human cells and underlined that the concept of passive microrheology cannot be directly apply to cells.
To this end we measured the deviation of the hand trajectory from the Euclidean straight line and used this as a bending index (denoted κ).
We then measured the deviation of the codon usage for the 'new' genes from that of the 'old' genes, for each of the three model organisms.
To quantify stem cell dynamics in vivo, we measured the deviation in ribbon width between successive en face serial sections in partially mutated normal crypts (n = 11) from three patients with sporadic colorectal cancer.
If a strain deleted for gene x has a fitness of W x and a strain deleted for gene y has a fitness of W y, then the double mutant strain is expected to have a fitness (W xy) of W x × W y. We measured the deviation εxy from this expectation, where εxy = Wxy – Wx × Wy.
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We grew P. roqueforti strains on cheese medium as pairwise face-to-face confrontations, and we measured the deviations from symmetrical growth (Table S4, tab d; Figure 3C; Supplemental Experimental Procedures).
Bias measures the deviation of the mean impact point from the actual aim point.
Atrophy and weakness of the tongue muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve can be assessed by measuring the deviation of the tongue when extended toward the weak side.
The compressibility factor measures the deviation from ideal behavior.
Root-mean-square error (RMSE) directly measures the deviation between predicted values and real values.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com