Sentence examples for measured substitution from inspiring English sources
We first measured substitution rates in ancestral repeats from three lineages on a whole-genome scale.
Since saturated sequences have minimal or no phylogenetic signal and could even lead to anomalous results, we measured substitution saturation of the protein coding genes, namely, H3 and COI, with Xia's method implemented in DAMBE version 5.2.31 [ 37].
In analogy to the procedure we applied for SNP frequency spectra, we analyzed substitution rates and stationary GC content (GC*, i.e. the GC content toward which sequences are evolving according to measured substitution rates) after controlling for recombination rates or ancestral GC content.
An important foothold in this genomic landscape can be gained by identifying genomic patterns of gene gain and loss, and by measuring substitution rates among orthologous sequences.
Since GPs act as gatekeepers in the Dutch healthcare system, referral rates can be used to measure substitution.
Here, I have tried to focus on studies that employed the maximum-likelihood (ML) method (Yang and Nielsen 2000), which is considered to be among the most accurate methods available for measuring substitution rates, particular between distantly related sequences (Muse 1996; Yang and Nielsen 2000).
To determine whether the tryptophan substitution at position 438 affects hPolλ fidelity, we measured base substitution and insertion-deletion error rates by the wild-type (R438) and the W438 hPolλ during a short gap filling reactions in M13mp2 reversion assays [27], [28].
In order to investigate the influence of expression level in modulating synonymous substitution rates of housekeeping and tissue-specific genes in rice, we measured synonymous substitution rates for highly and lowly expressed genes of both housekeeping and tissue-specific classes (Table 1).
The primers were chosen to amplify the region with highest estimated mutation rate (as measured by substitution rate for G. theklae- G. cristata comparisons in Morocco).
In this study, we have measured synonymous substitution rates in a phylogenetic context and uncovered numerous independent examples of rate increase and decrease.
Since the reliability of the measured silent substitution rate dramatically decreases at high values of K s, the whole long-time behavior (i.e. that for PID < 75% which in yeast roughly corresponds to K s > 1) of the regulatory overlap remained inaccessible to the analysis of Ref. [ 12].
