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This is complicated by the relationship between location accuracy and measured step length, since measured step lengths overestimate true step lengths and more so when location accuracy is poor [15].
An accurate approximation of the true distribution would require a longer measured step length.
Another possible filtering method is to weight turning angles according to the measured step length.
To be 50% certain the true step length threshold is exceeded, a measured step length of 9.9 meters is required.
The measured step length results for directional bias (Table 4) are less robust since the true step length cutoffs were generated by assuming the receiver was 0.34 error standard deviations (5 meters) from the bias point.
For ρ = 0.3 there is a 95% chance that a measured step length of 18.1 meters is observed when the true step length is 1.62 error standard deviations (6.6 meters): the minimum true step length needed to detect a true turning angle of 0°.
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Tables 3 and 4 show that spurious 180° turning angles for measured step lengths up to 20 meters may be caused by measurement error.
I simulated 10000 measured step lengths where the true step length was assumed to be the true step length cutoff and determined the value of the 50th, 75th and 95th percentiles of measured step lengths.
In contrast, retaining only measured step lengths >20 meters (n = 1745; as is suggested by Table 3) eliminated the pattern of 180° turning angles.
I used the results of 4) to suggest a threshold value that could be used to filter the wolf data using measured step lengths.
This is quite conservative and it is likely that the extent to which spurious 0° directional biases are seen is less than the measured step lengths reported in Table 4. Another restrictive assumption is the use of the V test to detect the true turning angle and directional bias.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com