Exact(1)
Our findings are unique in that we measured maths anxiety as an individual differences variable (instead of experimentally manipulating performance pressure).
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The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) measures maths and science achievement in the 4th and 8th grades.
This 9-item scale measures maths anxiety experienced by students in learning and test situations.
Indeed, when we controlled for the effect of maths knowledge (as measured by the MPP), the link between maths anxiety and cognitive reflection was still significant.
The Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) [ 22] was used to measure levels of maths anxiety.
In Sweden Jan Bjorklund, the education minister, is prepared for poor marks too.The triennial study by the OECD, a think-tank, measures the reading, maths and science proficiency of 15-year-olds.
For example, a recent study reported a correlation between non-symbolic dot comparison performance measured at age 14 and maths performance measured during 5-11 years of age [ 74].
We addressed this issue in Experiment 2. In order to obtain a more ecologically valid measure of maths performance in a high-stakes situation, in Experiment 2 we included a measure of school maths achievement instead of a measure of maths knowledge.
Note that measures of maths anxiety are typically used in classroom settings, or in relation to arithmetic problem solving.
Another potential criticism is that our measures of maths knowledge (in Experiment 1) and maths achievement (in Experiment 2) did not capture all the variance associated with individual differences in mathematical abilities, and thus, it is still possible that the link between maths anxiety and the CRT is in fact fully mediated by mathematical abilities.
Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer at the University of Caen, in France, and her colleagues, measured the brain activity of a maths prodigy as he performed some feats of arithmetical acrobatics.
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