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In practical situations, a confounder might be an unknown or uncontrolled (i.e., not measurable or not measured) factor that is present in only one of the test situations.
Likewise, in each case comparably moderate caseinolytic activity was observed, between 0.019 and 0.068 U. Nevertheless, none of the isolates prevailed in terms of each measured factor simultaneously.
In hemophilia A and B, the bleeding tendency is clearly related to factor level; however, a deficiency of factor XI results in unusual coagulopathy, with a poor correlation between the measured factor XI level and bleeding tendency [2].
It is thus beneficial to use a quantitatively measured factor to normalise expression levels between samples collected from different phases of a cultivation, rather than basing the normalisation on the assumption that a chosen factor is constant.
We also measured factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRA), a protein expressed specifically by vascular endothelial cells, to assess the density of microvessels in the white matter and to relate this to the level of VEGF and severity of ischaemic damage.
Nevertheless, we note that each of the 11 factors showed a significant correlation with at least one other, independently measured, factor (fig. 4), indicating that the estimates are biologically informative.
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When all the measured factors were taken into account, they explained 17% of the differential patterns.
Measured factors were both derived from discussions within the Linux community as well as from models from social sciences.
Correcting for sample dilution using sample urea improved the precision of measured factors.
In these analyses we controlled for routinely measured factors previously linked with erythropoietin resistance, including PTH, iron status, and measures of inflammation such as ferritin.
However, residual confounding by unmeasured or imperfectly measured factors cannot be ruled out.
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