The initial aim is to investigate the effect of measurement error in a confounding variable on the coefficient of a perfectly measured exposure and on the interaction between a perfectly measured exposure and a perfectly measured genotype.
"They measured exposure before the disease occurred, while in most studies you have to rely on people's recollections".
Academics David Kidd and Emanuele Castano, from the New School for Social Research in New York, put more than 1,000 participants through the "author recognition test", which measured exposure to fiction by asking respondents to identify writers they recognised from a list.
The accumulation of the measured exposure in less than a year is clearly at a dangerous level, not only for astronauts' health and wellbeing, which should always be the priority, but also for their ability to perform their mission tasks successfully".
Measured risk has increased more quickly than many institutions have been able reduce it, and attempts to reduce it have added to volatility and downward pressure on prices, further increasing measured exposure to risk … The rational actions taken by even the strongest financial institutions to reduce exposure to future losses have caused significant collateral damage to market functioning.
Protopathic bias is a systematic error which occurs when measured exposure status may be affected by the latent onset of the target outcome.
Correlating with the antimetastatic effect measured, exposure of animals to 50 mg/kg of amifostine resulted in a four-fold enhanced serum level of angiostatin above control levels.
As a result, licensed motorists (N = 536; 51% female) in Queensland Australiaa) were recruited to complete a questionnaire that measured exposure to speed cameras and associated offending behaviours.
However, there were marginal trends in both ANOVA analysis and post-hoc regressions regarding B. dendrobatidis infection rates and liver somatic index in relation to measured exposure estimates.
Previous studies have focused on binary outcomes such as the adoption (vs. non-adoption) of a service [6, 21], and have measured exposure as the number of social contacts that have adopted the service previously.
Studies on prevention of weight gain using objectively measured exposure and outcome were eligible; they were adopted from a recently published systematic review.
