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On 4 consecutive days, we measured endothelial function by brachial artery ultrasound in all participants and by pulsewave measurements in a subgroup.
We performed a maximal exercise test (VO2max) and measured endothelial function using venous occlusion plethysmography and intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and NG-monomethyl-l-arginine.
Furthermore, in that study, an invasive forearm technique measured endothelial function in a different vascular bed compared with the technique of FMD used in the current study.
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Among the several non-invasive methods of measuring endothelial function, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), laser Doppler flowmetry, and digital pulse amplitude tonometry (PAT) are the most widely adopted [16 18].
Randomized, controlled exercise trials designed to measure endothelial function, inflammatory markers, sympathetic neural activation, and skeletal muscle metabolism and structure have further defined the pathophysiology, documented the impact of exercise training on these processes, and confirmed the benefit of this therapy.
There are many ways to measure endothelial function.
Venous occlusion plethysmography has been found to be a valid method of measuring endothelial function [ 12].
Finally, FMD makes it possible to repeatedly measure endothelial function in individual rats.
FMD of the brachial artery is a non-invasive technique for measuring endothelial function.
The most common uncertainties in measuring endothelial function in a non-invasive way are the local, environmental and other factors that can modulate the measured shear stress.
Recent studies have suggested that flow-mediated dilatation, which is a standard tool for measuring endothelial function, was significantly impaired in subjects with vitamin D deficiency [ 38, 39].
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