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Exact(3)
The variational formulation is used in which the cost function characterizing difference of the calculated and measured concentrations is minimized with respect to source coordinates and rate.
The design of this kind of observers is based on mass and energy balances without the knowledge of kinetics being necessary; only minimal information concerning the measured concentrations is used.
The agreement between estimated and measured concentrations is improved; in agreement with previous observations (24− 26), and here this is especially evident at free aqueous concentrations greater than 30 ng/L.
Similar(57)
All measured concentrations were well above the limits of quantification.
All measured concentrations were in the low microgram per kilogram range (dry weight).
However, measured concentrations were within range reported by other authors (Singh 2002; Singh et al. 2004).
However, measured concentrations are higher to those reported in other studies (Venugopal et al. 2009).
Measured concentrations are reported as median (interquartile range), and compared using a 2-tailed paired Wilcoxon signed rank test.
Measured concentrations were greater to those reported in by Kannel et al. (2007) and Zhou et al. (2007).
However, measured concentrations were higher to those reported by other authors (Sojka et al. 2008; Vega et al. 1998).
These measured concentrations were generally greatest at the Lagoon, Release, and Channel sites and least at the Outlet site.
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