The NEECHAM confusion scale, developed by Neelon and Champagne et al. [ 17], measures cognitive dysfunction such as delirium.
In a recent paper Balsis et al. [ 53] also drew attention to the limitations associated with the traditional method of measuring cognitive dysfunction with the ADAS-cog.
The questionnaire included several tests that measured cognitive function.
2. In the clinical work-up, effort should be put on identifying and measuring cognitive and neuropsychological dysfunction characteristic of INPH (Class I). 3. A comorbidity of psychiatric or behavioural disorder should not exclude a patient from shunt surgery but objective and balanced information of expected effect of shunting is essential (Class IIa).
The frailty index embraced: (1) prefracture ADL dependency (measured by Modified Barthel index < 80); (2) severe comorbidity (measured by Charlson comorbidity index > 2); (3) cognitive dysfunction (measured by MMSE < 20); (4) malnutrition (measured by serum albumin < 34 g/L and body mass index < 18.5); and (5) polypharmacy, i.e. treatment with more than 7 prescribed drugs.
In patients with tumours either inside or outside the central nervous system (CNS), cognitive functioning is a critical outcome measure because cognitive dysfunction can have a large impact on the daily life of patients [1,2].
Significant changes in myelin integrity were detected, predominantly frontal lobe regions, in relation to both global and executive measures of cognitive dysfunction in the ALS group, and in the patient groups combined, in keeping with the understanding of ALS and FTD as part of a clinicopathological spectrum (37).
Conversely, Wirth et al. studied 4095 consecutive geriatric hospital patients and found that fat-free mass was not associated with cognitive dysfunction, measured using MMSE, after adjusting for age, sex and Barthel index [ 42].
Moreover, in agreement with a study using BIA-assessments of lean mass and FM [ 16], our study identified significant associations between several refined FM measures and cognitive dysfunctions.
Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is a vascular measure linked to cognitive dysfunction, but this has not been well studied in the setting of SLE.
