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Indeed, making conscious and collective decisions around evaluation and cost and measuring certainty are highly difficult.
A four-point Likert-type scale was applied to measure certainty as to whether a service was received, ranging from "1" ("definitely not") to "4" ("definitely").
Notably, previous studies [ 9, 12], measured subjective certainty for the delayed rewards with a1-10 point rating scale and observed that the stated certainty was decreased as delay increased.
So many ecosystems had already been irreparably altered that predator-related effects — including damage done to food chains, so-called "trophic downgrading" — could not be measured with certainty.
Through numerical solutions we quantify the difference (measured in certainty equivalents) to the preferred Merton solution of direct investments in a fixed proportion of risky and risk free assets.
A lawyers value-added could be measured with certainty with a minimum of procedural reform.
Value scores are preferences measured under certainty.
We performed a survey of Canadian Nephrologists, assessing warfarin prescribing practice, and measured the certainty in making these choices.
The former includes items measuring objectivity, reflectiveness, and openness to feedback, and the latter measures certainty about one's own beliefs and judgments [ 9].
Applicability domain (AD) of a QSAR model helps to measure its certainty in prediction [34].
A new concept of shift arising probability has been developed to measure the certainty factor associated with occurrence of a level shift and updated this measure using the Bayes rule of conditioning.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com