The Seoul Medical Science Institute measured cadmium and lead in whole blood using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (model SpectrAA-800, with Zeeman correction; Varian Instruments, Agilent Technologies, Mulgrave, Australia).
The team measured cadmium in blood and urine; lead in blood; several biochemical markers of bone metabolism; and forearm bone mineral density (BMD), a test used to assess osteoporosis status.
We measured cadmium in blood and urine and lead in blood, an array of markers of bone metabolism, and forearm bone mineral density (BMD).
We measured arsenic, cadmium, lead, manganese, and nickel concentrations using the Total Quant method, and chromium concentrations using the Dynamic Reaction Cell (DRC) method with ammonia (De Palma et al. 2008).
Samples of SRB were taken every hour during an 8-h workday to measure pH, copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc content.
We randomly selected 150 baseline samples from archived whole blood specimens (n = 30 per site) to be measured for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.
Concentration of mercury, cadmium, lead and nickel, measured using DGT samplers, were relatively constant along the monitored Danube stretch and in the range <0.1, <1 20, 18 74, and 173 544 ng L−1, respectively.
Among 5,501 participants ≥ 20 years of age, KNHANES randomly selected 10 12 subjects from each sampling unit while maintaining a uniform distribution across gender and five age groups (20 29, 30 39, 40 49, 50 59, ≥ 60 years) to yield a total of 1,998 subjects to measure lead, cadmium, and mercury in whole blood.
In the crayfish specimens from Darkovské moře, nickel was not measured, and hepatopancreas, abdominal muscle, and gill were analysed for zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, and mercury.
Of the seven trace elements measured, only cadmium and lead concentrations appear to be limited by the solubility of CdS s) and galena (PbS).
