Since the details of the mechanisms underlying blood flow changes in the middle cerebral artery (as measured by TCD, assuming that artery diameter does not change significantly), and in the microvasculature (as measured by DCS), is not known, it remains possible that the change could be similar for the specific interventions.
Urine volume was measured gravimetrically, by assuming a density of one.
Farrell [21], in his work, starts to measure efficiency by assuming that only one input enters the model and production unit produces only one output.
We simulated the optimal application timing of the measures by assuming that the interventions were implemented prior to the introduction of the first infected case and continued indefinitely.
However, there was no widespread panic among the public during this period, because the Japanese government and many organizations had adopted several prophylactic measures by assuming the worst condition of H5N1 influenza.
Conductivity was extracted from the VGS = 0 output characteristics by taking the slope about VDS = 0, assuming that the current passes through a volume with dimension W × L × thickness as measured by SEM and assuming that the contact resistance was much less than the channel resistance.
Rather, reliability estimates were inferred to be adequate based on data from the parent-instrument (the SF-36, Barthel Index, MMSE, etc) and on the expected stability of the attributes being measured by the PBSI (assuming no change in HRQL).
Another drawback is the fact that cartilage thickness was not directly measured but approximated by assuming everything is a sphere and calculating the radii based on surface area and volume calculations.
Thermometers function by relating an unobservable quantity, temperature, to an observable quantity, expansion (or length) of a fluid or gas in a glass tube; that is, thermometers measure temperature by assuming that length is a function of temperature: length = $f$(temperature).
