In order to understand the role of telomere length in cancer etiology, most epidemiologic studies have measured average telomere length of peripheral blood or buccal cell DNA as a surrogate tissue biomarker of telomere dysfunction and cancer risk.
After harvest, 20 grains were randomly selected from each genotype and lined up length-wise along a ruler to measure average kernel length (KL), and then arranged breadth-wise to measure kernel width (KW).
We then measured an average length of 183±25 nm and a pitch value of 9.5±0.5 nm in agreement with reported values [15], excluding the presence of nucleosome inside the filament.
They then extracted DNA from cells in those samples and measured the average length of the 356 male volunteers' and 551 female volunteers' telomeres.
We also measured the average length of the dorsal portion of the AIY neurite in double mutants and determined that the average neurite length was approximately half of that observed for wild-type animals (wild type: 33.5 μm, 16 animals; daf-16 mgDF47 daf-16 mgDF47 animals; daf-17.9gDF47); daf-18(mg198): 16.1 μm, 324animals) (Fig. 5E).
In mammals, gene compactness, measured by average length of introns or length of UTRs, has a stronger influence on protein evolutionary rates than does gene expression level, as mammalian proteins encoded by a more compact gene evolve more rapidly (Liao et al. 2006).
Haploid idiograms were constructed by measuring the average length of each pair of homologous chromosomes and arranging the pairs of chromosomes in descending order (Gao et al. 2012).
Pre-cellularization embryos were staged by counting Hoechst-stained nuclei, while later stages were determined by measuring the average length of elongating nuclei (from 3 4 to 10 15 µm).
We aimed to measure the average length of stay (LOS) and the average additional cost incurred by a hospital when a patient develops fluid overload.
The second type (CNTLarge), was NM-401 which is a test material in the Nanogenotox project [ 22], and compared to CNTSmall these are about five times larger, measuring an average length of 4 μm and having a thickness of about 70 nm.
