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It consists of three steps to determine: (1) social demands for multifunctional agriculture; (2) feasible technical alternatives available from the supply part of the market; (3) the net utility of alternatives for society measured as the change in social net benefit, i.e. the sum of changes compared to the current situation expressed in utility of market and non-market net benefits.
Population is measured as the change in the share of 15 18 year-olds between previous and present year.
Gas trapping was measured as the change in volume observed in the plethysmograph after clamping the jet or the oscillatory line at respiratory rates of 10 and 15 Hz and tidal volumes of 1.0 and 2.0 mL/kg.
The patellar mobility in the superior inferior direction was measured as the change in distance between manually marked points of the deep insertion to the caudal pole of the patella and tibia tuberosity.
Figure 2 shows the precipitation deficit, measured as the change from the long-term average, for the past 24 months.
For kinetic analysis, reduction of MTT (measured as the change in absorbance at 570 nm) was utilized to monitor LctD-his6 activity as previously described [15], [16], [17].
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The immobilization of phospholipid bilayer on the chip was measured as the changes in resonance units (RU) against time, and the amount of lipid loaded (RUlipid) varied depended upon the lipid types: 3,000 RU for POPC POPG (8 2), 7,000 RU for POPC and 8,000 RU for POPC POPE (8 2) (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material).
This was the case, regardless of whether inter-temporal stability was measured as the actual change or the absolute change from T1 to T2.
Annual rate of landscape change was measured as the annual change in habitat composition using annual remote sensing of major habitat types and anthropogenic features including roads, clear-cuts and energy well-pads [ 76].
2. The most common empirical measure of managerial risk-taking incentives is equity portfolio vega (Vega), which is measured as the dollar change in a manager's equity portfolio for a 0.01 change in the standard deviation of stock returns.
Bacterial growth was also measured as the fold change in CFU ml−1 between selected time points and 0 h.
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calculated as the change
determined as the change
quantified as the change
evaluated as the change
assessed as the change
measured as the variability
measured as the changes
measured as the modified
measured as the gap
measured as the contaminant
measured as the average
measured as the distance
measured as the indicator
measured as the peak
measured as the pause
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