The instrument is able to measure small-scale (down to tens of meters) density variations that result from the complex magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction.
We propose the use of a novel spatiotemporal analytical framework (ST-BBD), based on the beta-binomial distribution (BBD) model, to measure small-scale aggregation in animal movement data sets, including two simulated and three collected primate data sets.
Firstly, we present a pre-pilot study concerned with practical issues of measuring air temperature and humidity within a population, and secondly the results of an empirical pilot study in rural South Africa that set out to measure small-scale differentials in air temperature and humidity within a local population, including characterising indoor outdoor differentials in typical houses.
This objective measure of greenness allowed us to measure small-scale green spaces (e.g., home gardens and street trees) in a standardized way, but it does not distinguish different types of vegetation or land cover (e.g., agriculture, urban green space, natural forests).
The results from our analysis showed that soil and water conservation measures, small-scale irrigation, agronomic practices, and livelihood diversification are found to be the dominant adaptation options that farmers used in response to climate change and variability.
A policy that promotes the adoption of soil and water conservation measures, small-scale irrigation, agronomic practices, and livelihood diversification strategies should be central to food security strategy in the study area.
Use of soil and water conservation measures, small-scale irrigation, agronomic practices, and livelihood diversification strategies is considered as an adaptation option and found to be the dominant climate change adaptation options used by the farmers in the study area.
However, according to [2, 24], "oscillatory components do not have small norms in L 2 or L 1." In our case, we use the Banach ({left |{mathcal {C}}{ cdot }right |}) which is more suitable than the Banach space (E = B^{-1}_{infty, infty }) in equation (1.3) [3] for measuring small-scale objects, e.g., noise.
The specific objective of the paper is, therefore, to estimate the effect of adoption of soil and water conservation measures, small-scale irrigation, agronomic practices, and livelihood diversification strategies as climate change adaptation options on household food security status measured by household calorie intake/day per adult equivalent using propensity score matching techniques.
