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Monoclonal antibodies against CXCR4 (clone 12G5-PE, CalTag, Burlingame, CA or clone 12G5-biotin, BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), CCR5 (clone 3A9-APC, R & D systems, Minneapolis, MN) and CD4 (clone S3.5-Alexa 488, CalTag, Burlingame, CA) were used to measure receptor expression.
Moreover, there have not been reliable ways to measure receptor expression level in vivo.
Advantages of imaging include its non-invasiveness, the ability to measure receptor expression in the entire disease burden, and the potential for serial studies of in vivo drug effects on the target.
For multiplex detection, we utilized anti-1D4 mAb-biotin/IRDye 680RD streptavidin to measure receptor expression and anti-FLAG pAb/IRDye 800CW anti-rabbit IgG to measure FLAG tag incorporation.
Advantages of imaging include its non-invasiveness, the ability to measure receptor expression in the entire disease burden and thus the ability to avoid sampling error that can occur with heterogeneous receptor expression, and the potential for serial studies of in vivo drug effects on the target.
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Examples of applications of PET imaging in neuroscience include studies of neuroreceptor/neurotransmitter levels in neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g., measuring receptor expression in schizophrenia) and of misfolded protein levels in neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., beta amyloid and tau deposits in Alzheimer's disease).
Rats were sacrificed by decapitation, and each hippocampus was rapidly removed and stored at −80°C in order to measure neurotrophin receptor expression.
One can also measure total receptor expression by IHC or FISH, or total ligand levels by either IHC or ELISA, however, these are not direct indicators of receptor activation.
A relative measure of receptor expression was obtained by determining the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 5000 leukocytes by flow cytometer.
We seeded an Integra ®- matrix with genital skin fibroblasts and tested it for responsiveness to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulation by measuring AR receptor expression.
To our knowledge this is also the first study that measured FLT3 receptor expression levels in conjunction with signaling profiles in primary leukemia samples.
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