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This approach may be adequate to estimate an overall measure of systematic error; however, it cannot provide a good estimation of measurement precision.
Similar results can be obtained if \(cont(g)\) is replaced by Hempel's (1965) measure of systematic power \ syst g, e) = P(\neg g\mid \neg e)\).
Empirical Bayes statistic is a measure of systematic variation -variation beyond chance.
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Multi-factor models allow an asset to have not just one, but many measures of systematic risk.
Two measures of systematic disagreement were calculated; the relative position, RP, and the relative concentration, RC, with possible values ranging from -1 to 1 [ 16].
The statistical method used [ 20] is the only method designed for a comprehensive evaluation of disagreement in paired ordinal data by providing separate measures of systematic disagreement and the additional individual variability.
Statistical simulation studies and experiences gained from clinical studies of inter-scale and inter-rater comparisons have shown that a set of 20 paired data will provide enough power for identifying and measure evidence of systematic disagreement and individual variations between assessments [ 20, 37].
Hence, ψJ i,t) is a measure of the systematic premium paid to worker i by firm J i, t) over her opportunity wage.
Systematic analysis of rupture processes or spectra of moderate and small events on the megathrust is a worthwhile, but massive undertaking (e.g., Bilek and Lay, 1999; Bilek et al., 2012), so we take an alternate approach in this study of comparing short-period and long-period seismic magnitudes to give a first-order measure of any systematic spectral differences.
The primary outcome measure of this systematic review is the re-infection rate.
We therefore propose that systematic review methodology should be improved to enable it to identify possible conflicts of interest, 49 and that – in the absence of a measure of quality – systematic reviews should warn readers against assuming that the more commonly presented reasons are the stronger reasons.
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