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ROT, as a measure of phase fluctuation activity, is calculated using the algorithm proposed by Pi et al. ([1997]).
ROT (rate of TEC (ionospheric total electron content) change) is the time derivative of TEC and is considered to be a measure of phase fluctuation activity.
As a measure of phase fluctuation activity, the rate of TEC (ROT) in units of TECU/min was used, where 1 TECU = 1016 electron/m2.
The results demonstrate that roughness impacts phase distribution, flow regimes, and phase relative permeability (a measure of phase interference); roughness increases oil water phase interference and hysteresis of the flow resistance when scanning up and down in water saturation.
We use the time-derivative of TEC (ROT, rate of TEC change) as a measure of phase fluctuation activity and the Rate of TEC Index (ROTI) as a GPS-based index that characterizes the severity of the GPS phase fluctuations and detects the presence of ionospheric irregularities (Pi et al. 1997).
The measure of phase congruency at a point x in a signal proposed by Morrone et al. in [18, 19] can be expressed as P C 1 = E x ∑ θ ∑ n A n, θ = F 2 x + H 2 x ∑ θ ∑ n A n, θ (10).
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However, significant bPLV, a CFC measure of phase-phase synchrony, was only observed at specific narrow low and high frequency bandwidths.
A convenient measure of phase-locking can then be generated by estimating for each time point the phase difference between oscillations at a particular frequency recorded in two separate locations and calculating the absolute value of the mean of these phase differences considered as complex numbers with unit modulus.
Vector strength was used as a measure of phase-locking across responses.
The vector strength is a measure of phase-locking that ranges from 0 (phase is random across repetitions) to 1 (identical phase across repetitions).
The vector strength is a normalized measure of phase-locking that equals 1 when the constituent angles are perfectly in phase with one another across stimulus repetitions, and 0 when the constituent angles are completely random across stimulus repetitions.
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