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Some previous studies have used cotinine measurements as an objective measure of passive smoking [ 5, 9], only one of them demonstrated an association between serum cotinine level and myocardial infarction risk [ 5].
In particular, we report distance from threat as a summary measure of passive avoidance.
The recovery of the monosaccharide mannitol provides a measure of passive intestinal absorption and is reduced by villous atrophy.
Because cord blood cotinine was available only for a subset of participants, we used self-reported ETS exposure as a measure of passive smoking.
The results of this study suggest that differences in the stressfulness of these tests may contribute to the distinction between them; the OFT is a better measure of passive coping while the EPM is a more sensitive measure of active coping in response to stress.
However, only a very small minority (7.2%) had a standardised measure of functional outcome recorded, such as the Arm Activity Scale (ArMA a self-report measure of active and passive functions; 5.9%) or the Leeds Adult Spasticity Impact Scale (LASIS an investigator-reported measure of passive function; 1.3%).
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To describe the normal distribution parameters for measures of passive ankle plantarflexion dorsiflexion flexibility obtained from a large sample of able-bodied young adult subjects.
We use measures of passive (landscape topography) and active (forests within protected areas) protection, in combination with measures of human population pressure to test whether anthropogenic disturbance has already modulated climate dependencies of tropical forest canopies.
7) The strong sag response of the membrane potential to hyperpolarizing current pulses (e.g., Figure 4) may have confounded measures of passive membrane properties.
To minimize pelvic motion during measures of passive HLR, the subject's pelvis was stabilized with a belt and the assistance of a second tester.
However, measures of passive laxity do not reflect functional instability as they are unable to evaluate the effect of muscular control.
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