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The nutrient residuals provide a measure of nutrient intake uncorrelated with total energy intake [ 31].
Second, whilst the dietary intake of fatty acids was measured in a valid fashion [ 22], this was based on a single measure of nutrient intakes 10 years earlier.
A limitation of this study is that whereas the FFQ is known to be a valid measure of nutrient intakes, there are currently no data available on the validity of the food intake data.
A single measure of nutrient intakes 10 years earlier, however, was used as the exposure measure in our study, which may not reflect more recent and perhaps relevant intake, if intervening illness or other life changes affected the intake.
Unlike the majority of studies which have used the same instrument for constructing and validating a diet index, the present study has the advantage of having examined the validity of the NZDQI-A using an independent measure of nutrient intakes, i.e. 4DFR data.
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The effects of biochar, compost, and biochar-compost combination on oil palm seedling growth was evaluated and the effectiveness of EFB biochar in retaining soil nutrients was determined indirectly by measuring amount of nutrient leached through the polybag medium.
Biomarkers may provide more accurate measures of nutrient status.
Epiphyte patterns clearly matched in situ measures of nutrient availability, and were consistent with decreased shoot densities in discharge sites.
No effect of the interaction of diet and breed was observed for measures of nutrient digestibility and manure excretion.
It is therefore natural and important to consider objective measures of nutrient intakes in Equation1 in future observational studies.
Future studies with biochemical measures of nutrient intakes, especially for vitamins A, C, and E, are needed to further evaluate the effects of these nutrients.
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