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"I think this point is also driven home with our measure of explicit racial bias," added Okonofua.
Participants were told that they had to obtain as many points as possible and were subsequently given a debrief questionnaire in order to provide a measure of explicit awareness of stimulus-reinforcement contingencies.
The current results suggest that positive mood induction – in this case, with the use of imagery – before extinction reduces the effects of reinstatement on one measure of explicit fear (i.e., self-report fear) and one measure of implicit threat responding (i.e., startle reflex).
Learning assessed by the serial reaction time task (SRTT) showed the implicit motor skill close to normal in patients with IPD, whereas patients with PSP were markedly impaired; in contrast, the SRTT sequence recall component as measure of explicit learning was largely preserved in both groups.
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Our primary aim was to test whether the responsiveness of the GABA system correlated with behavioral measures of explicit sequence learning.
In addition to the primary outcomes used in Study 1, all participants in Study 2 also completed measures of explicit food goals, implicit association between healthy foods and taste, and explicit associations between healthy foods and taste.
Following this, it would be very important to complement self-report measures of explicit attitudes with indirect measures of implicit attitudes when assessing attitude changes over the course of treatment (cf. Hermans et al. 2002).
Participants completed a short questionnaire which included measures of explicit food goals, self-reported age, gender, weight, height, and dieting status, and indicated their current hunger and thirst levels.
Because a broadened conceptual focus should cause the mind to be awash in a rather disparate assortment of attitude-relevant material that all needs to be integrated, this was predicted to dilute the impact of activated attitudes, as estimated by the implicit measure, on explicit reports of attitudes.
Lastly, self-report fear is a measure of the explicit emotion of being afraid and may not include other threat-relevant responding (LeDoux, 2014).
Participants also completed a range of explicit measures, including measures of professional burnout and psychopathology.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com