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This can be thought of as a measure of developmental instability caused by stress.
The primary endpoint analyzed was global cognition, involving a measure of developmental quotient or IQ.
Another indirect measure of developmental stress is fluctuating asymmetry (FA).
For example, whole-bee protein levels can serve as an indirect measure of developmental stress [12].
As a measure of developmental rate we monitored the duration of embryonic development.
If traits exhibit DA then some individual variation may be due to heritable variation rather than being a measure of developmental stability [42].
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They may show problems with proprioception (sensation of body position) on measures of developmental coordination disorder (motor planning disorder), balance, tandem gait, and finger-thumb apposition.
To estimate Ve within for each RI line, we averaged left-right measures of developmental noise [(L−R)/(L+R/2)] over the groups of 50 isogenic flies within each RI line background (mean fluctuating asymmetry [37], [38]).
We then evaluated the effect of these inflammatory markers on the repeated measures of developmental outcomes over time using linear mixed effects models.
Maps and histograms of percent error, calculated between voxel estimates of age and the mean developmental age score, were also computed to examine how well age scores compare to established measures of "developmental age".
Fifteen studies used the PEDS as a research tool to measure prevalence of developmental risk of which 12 were population surveys in high income countries and three were community samples.
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