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Another measure of corruption in cities is the extent to which organised crime or more generalised violence is widespread.
Thanks to his measure of corruption, Mr Olken can weigh up different strategies to fight it.He reaches an unfashionable conclusion.
If only Israeli prosecutors accepted that a small measure of corruption is part of the business of governing.
But then Roberts relies on a very narrow measure of corruption: "Ingratiation and access … are not corruption," he writes, quoting Citizens United.
As a result I would also suggest using this data alongside Transparency International's Corruption Perception index, which gives a measure of corruption based on surveys with real businesses and investors.
Professor Peter Collins, a veteran gambling expert who has advised successive governments, said failure to reduce the maximum stake would now be seen by the public as a measure of "corruption or stupidity" among politicians.
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In a related article, Beekman et al. (2013) use the same communities and measures of corruption and find that individuals living in communities with corrupt leaders also show less productive investment and propensity to trade.
Still, over all, the parking ticket ranking showed remarkable correlation with more conventional measures of corruption.
Its measures of corruption, for example, inveigle their way into the political debate in many of its client countries.
We use randomly generated municipal audit reports with objective measures of corruption from Brazil to assess whether new information about corruption affects municipal property tax collection and the structure of fiscal institutions.
(Economists have found a strong correlation between diplomats' New York parking tickets and measures of corruption in their home countries; One of Bloomberg's signature achievements was cracking down on them).
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