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Now the F.D.A. is saying it will regulate at least one category of such tests: those that measure multiple genes, proteins or other pieces of clinical information taken from a patient and then use an algorithm or software program to analyze the data.
Rather than looking at a single protein like P.S.A., which stands for prostate-specific antigen, many of these tests use advanced techniques to measure multiple genes or other so-called molecular markers.
In order to measure multiple genes from the same cell, we used pooled primers to amplify the genes of interest for 12 cycles (preamplification) prior to aliquoting the samples into separate wells for individual gene analysis (addition of probe).
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The use of the customized PCR Array system made it possible to precisely measure multiple gene alterations in the same rat samples under the same experimental conditions.
Despite all of the effort invested in measuring multiple gene products, most molecular signatures are reduced to two or three risk categories (for instance, low, intermediate, and high), which seems somewhat counterproductive.
The central component of this approach is information measures defined on multiple genes that consider gene-gene interaction.
The research team used budding yeast to measure multiple levels of gene expression during meiosis and found that the levels of several hundred mRNAs or about eight percent of all mRNAs were anti-correlated with the levels of their corresponding protein products over time.
1) Knowing the levels of reproductive hormones, especially E2 and progesterone, is critical for interpreting pregnancy measures and sexual behavior, not to mention mRNA expression of multiple genes measured, and could potentially alter how the current data are interpreted.
There are some concerns, however, and the questions listed below need to be addressed: 1) Knowing the levels of reproductive hormones, especially E2 and progesterone, is critical for interpreting pregnancy measures and sexual behavior, not to mention mRNA expression of multiple genes measured, and could potentially alter how the current data are interpreted.
To characterize the spermatogonial cells cultured under different conditions we first used the dynamic array chips (Fluidigm) to measure the expression of multiple genes in a very small number of cells.
By focusing on such direction of expression change measured by similarly behaving multiple genes, the analysis may become less affected by difference in experimental condition and assay platform.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com