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Using the measurement of dietary diversity as a proxy measure for nutritional quality of the diet, many of those surveyed consumed a nutritionally inadequate diet, with households residing in the urban informal settlements being more nutritionally vulnerable.
Previous work has already shown that lettuce surface area can be used as a reliable measure for nutritional intake [42].
Body mass index (BMI) was used as a proxy measure for nutritional status.
The major part of evidence for the DOHaD hypothesis was derived from studies, where birthweight was used as a proxy measure for nutritional state in pregnancy.
Birth weight has been widely used as a proxy measure for nutritional status during pregnancy, in studies examining relationships between adverse exposures in utero and bone outcomes in later life [2,3].
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Despite accurate weights being critical for appropriate drug dosing in some patients, the main thrust of government guidelines is that weight is measured for nutritional screening purposes.
Height is a marker of an aggregated fetal and childhood experience, and can be considered a proxy measure for important nutritional exposures, which affect several hormonal and metabolic axes [17].
In undernourished populations, MUAC outperforms body mass index (BMI) as an anthropometric measure for acute nutritional status among children and adults and as a prognostic indicator for malnutrition-related outcomes.
The following variables were used as proxy measures of nutritional status: BMI-for-age z-scores, height-for-age z-scores, stunting (present or absent), and Hb level.
Screening and measure of nutritional markers must lead to nutritional supplementation.
They are the single most widely used measure of nutritional status because of their precision, replicative nature and the availability of accurate standards for comparison.
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