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Another measure for low earners is a boost to the "national living wage" announced by George Osborne earlier this year.
The reliability of the Markov model is quantified by considering the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) as a measure for low demand systems.
Clustering coefficient CC is a measure for low building cost and robustness against perturbations.
Studies were included if they utilised a patient reported functional outcome measure for low back pain, such as Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) or Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RM Q.
The EuroQol-5D has good reliability, validity and responsiveness [ 98- 100], is a recommended outcome measure for low back pain research [ 82] and has been used in several other low back pain trials [ 101- 103].
For each PET parameter the intra-tumor line variance was calculated as a fraction of the total variance; e.g. a small fraction is a measure for low intra-tumor line heterogeneity (Table 1) [ 32].
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As well as a punitive measure for low-earning working families, it's also a clear cut attack on the concept of social housing.
To generate a discordance measure for low-frequency variants, we also calculated the discordance rate H across the heterozygous sites with 0 < MAF < 0.1.
To generate a more meaningful discordance measure for low-frequency variants, we compare the imputed genotypes and the simulated true genotypes across sites for which the true genotypes are heterozygotes.
The three most effective methods improve precision and F-measure for low threshold t values (i.e., t < 0.7) without decreasing recall compared to the baseline method 1 (i.e., using only the link-based classifier) whereas the remaining methods exhibit similar results with method 1.
(height×diameter) LaBr3 Ce detector was measured for low energy prompt gamma-rays from boron and cadmium contaminated water samples using a newly designed portable neutron generator-based Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) setup.
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