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The solutions to this problem are spectroscopic measurement systems, which measure absorption or reflection spectra which are subsequently analyzed and translated into process variable concentrations.
The techniques that measure absorption in order to perform an assay are absorptiometry or absorption spectrophotometry.
Crystals are used to detect ultrasonic waves and to measure absorption effects.
It is designed to measure absorption and polarization rotation induced by any of the two laser beams and also the visible fluorescence that results from decay of the excited states.
Optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS) was adopted for measuring Zn densities, for which a hollow cathode lamp was used as a source light of a 213.9 nm line, which was selected to measure absorption coefficients and to calculate the ground state densities of Zn atoms.
Because it is very difficult to measure absorption coefficient and k in the transparent region, there is not yet consensus on the UV-VIS-NIR behavior of forsterite and Mg-rich olivine.
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Total RNA concentration was determined using a spectrophotometer to measure absorptions at 260 nm and 280 nm wavelengths.
For the measurement of eBC, a correlation between BC mass and measured absorption needs to be established (e.g., [ 110, 111]).
The resulting values of the measured absorption were characterized with "EXT" (extinction) and the according time point of measurement, e.g. absorption at time point 30 min = EXT 30).
H2O and CO2 contents were calculated using the Lambert-Beer law using the measured absorption peak height or area, thickness of doubly polished thin sections, glass density, and the molar absorption coefficient.
Finite difference time domain simulations have corroborated that scattering-based and near-field absorption enhancements occur in the active layer, in good agreement with the measured absorption.
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