As such, this variation might be ascribed not only to measurable obstetric interventions but also less tangible practices; for instance, the time of admittance of a woman in early stages of labour might depend on staff numbers, which vary during the week.
Additionally, for dealing with the dynamic and more unpredictable nature of ecosystems, we suggest the adaptive delta management approach that consists of flexible measures, measurable targets, monitoring and intervention, as a framework for embedding ecosystem-based alternatives for flood risk mitigation in the daily practice of engineers and coastal planners.
Preterm labour - there was no measurable effect of interventions on rates of preterm labour (average OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.09; studies = four; Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.00; (P = 0.93); I² = 0%; Analysis 1.11).
This leads to outcomes, defined as all results of the change process observable and measurable in the intervention context.
However, in controlled trials positive reports by users have not translated consistently into measurable benefit for intervention groups.
All of these factors provide some explanation for the lack of a measurable effect between intervention and control group and between those who did and did not receive additional financial resources.
The quality criteria took into account the design of the study in terms of the participants, the primary prevention and control alternative; the frequency, duration and intensity of any intervention; measurable outcomes; whether any conflicts of interest were present; and whether ethical approval was obtained.
Considering a period closer to the target, e.g. from 2012 to 2016, would require stronger measures to achieve the target compared to an earlier time period, e.g. 2008 to 2012, because fewer years remain for interventions and measurable impacts.
In addition, standardisation of the intervention, quality assurance techniques, and appropriate validated and measurable outcome measures can be assessed.
