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Knee flexors were the most affected with only four subjects having measurable force.
In some of our measurements, the interaction between bacterium and bead exceeded the immobilization strength of the bacterium on the polydopamine-coated glass, effectively limiting the measurable force (Fig. 2c open symbols).
Since the stiffness of the SMP can be changed according to the temperature, the measurable force range (the range shown on the vertical axis of Fig. 1) determined by the above strain range can also be changed.
For any given muscle, pulse width ranged from a threshold width necessary to generate measurable force to a maximum of 200 µs.
4 This model can provide measurable force that simulates the hydrodynamic and mechanical forces acting on foods in vivo.
Conversely, a mechanically compliant or lax tissue requires much greater muscle contraction to sufficiently stretch the elastic components and generate measurable force.
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In contrast, with blockade of actin polymerization, filopodia and lamellipodia produced no measurable forces.
Internal loads exciting the engine block during operation are not directly measurable with force sensors; they have to be assessed from the dynamic deformation of the structure.
The interdroplet spacing at the minimum measurable repulsive force (≈10−13 N) in the presence of Na+, Ca2+ and Fe3+ cations at 0.24 mM were 76.6, 70.5 and 54 nm, respectively for PVA-Vac (molecular weight 40000) stabilized emulsion.
Experimental proof on the relative weights of adhesion and cell cortex tension in controlling cell-cell contact formation in zebrafish germ layer progenitors and determining the experimentally measurable separation force between cell pairs was provided by Maître et al. (2012).
This technique provides the following advantages: (1) direct measurement of the electrostatic field of a sample is without complex operations or the need for an analytic model, and (2) minimum measurable electrostatic force is within 50 pN with a lateral/vertical spatial resolution of 250/100 nm, respectively.
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