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Amensalism (–, 0), in which one species suffers while the other incurs no measurable cost of the interaction.
Although the direct, measurable cost of malpractice premiums is small, the effect on physician behaviour is enormous.
It seems to me that wanting to do better than someone else, even at a measurable cost to ourselves, points to a big gap between what we say we value and what we actually do.
We show that this is true in a more general setting, in particular for merely Borel measurable cost functions provided that {c="∞} is the union of a closed set and a negligible set.
Accordingly, a primary goal of this paper is identify the circumstances under which measurable cost saving can be achieved when one aircraft transports a request from its origin to an intermediate point and a second aircraft picks it up and delivers it to its final destination.
Certainly Xerox' copier patents, one key to the company's fabulous success, are worth far more than the $44 million of measurable cost assigned to them on the books.
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Are there measurable costs to meddling with the independence of a country's central bank or firing its head?
In addition to these measurable costs, layoffs cause firms to lose institutional knowledge about how to get things done, disrupt work relationships and patterns, and increase burdens on those who remain.
Therefore, any nutrient release program should consider the measurable costs and benefits when it comes to these releases and the amount of vegetative growth in these channels that result.
There are also measurable costs "turning over" a hospital bed in terms of both time delays such as patient's waiting in the emergency department as well as financial expenses for cleaning and sanitizing a room to be ready for the next patient.
But seemingly irrational behaviors like war in which the measurable costs often far outweigh the measurable benefits—have stumped researchers going back to Charles Darwin.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com