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For mass production this often means using standard plastic and leather supply chains with all their ethical drawbacks.
To assess the truth of the null hypothesis we have compared the mean expression of the marker genes representing each phenotype proposed by the hypothesis (test sample) with the mean expression of randomly sampled similar-size cluster of genes (random or permuted sample) by comparison of the means using standard deviations of the samples (see Material and Methods for details).
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Bias 2: mean score after imputation – mean score obtained using standard scoring rules.
The confidence interval for the mean is derived using standard formulas.
Protein expression was determined by immunoblotting using standard means.
Means and proportions were calculated using standard techniques.
The geometric mean and SEM were calculated using standard formulas.
Continuous variables were summarized using means ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR).
Descriptive analysis used means ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative variables and proportions for qualitative variables.
Effect sizes are expressed as mean differences, using pooled standard deviations in the denominator.
Descriptive analyses were conducted using percentages, means, and standard deviations.
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