In order to use the molecular information, we use specifically for mtDNA the mean number of segregating sites S and the mean molecular diversity π (and their standard deviation) as well as, specifically for the Y-chromosome STRs, the gene diversity H and the mean allelic range R (and their standard deviation) and the gene diversity H and the number of haplotypes K for the Y-chromosome SNPs.
Finally, the temporal independence of co-modulations in high-gamma frequency and amplitude, and of these and amplitude and frequency co-modulation in the theta/alpha, beta and low-gamma bands supports the idea that synchronisation at different frequencies could provide a means of functionally segregating processing streams that may then be multiplexed in the motor system (Fogelson et al., 2006).
Nucleotide variability was estimated by means of the number of segregating sites (S), and the nucleotide diversity (π, average number of pairwise differences per site) using DnaSP (version 4.50.3) software [112].
Considering only the set of segregating mutations, means for linkage disequilibrium were computed in the base populations by averaging rAB over all values for adjacent selective sites (r).
The development of molecular markers to analyse directly DNA or gene products has meant that tens of thousands of segregating polymorphisms can be analysed in a species.
Both the rate, 2 Nλ, and the fitness effect, s, of recurrent selection are estimated based upon their relationship with the means and standard deviations of common polymorphism summary statistics (the mean average pairwise diversity, the number of segregating sites (S), θH, and ZnS (Jensen, Thornton, and Andolfatto 2008)).
Both the rate, 2 Nλ, and the fitness effect, s, of recurrent selection are estimated based upon their relationship with the means and standard deviations of common polymorphism summary statistics (the mean average pairwise diversity, the number of segregating sites (S), θ H, and Zn S; see Jensen, Thornton, and Andolfatto 2008).
Interestingly, this method of segregating nucleolar components means that nucleolar reassembly can begin immediately after CDK activity declines and before the re-establishment of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport during mitotic exit.
This enables not only the discovery of larger number of QTLs with relatively smaller phenotypic effect but also provides a cost-effective means for evaluation of the frequency of segregating QTLs in outbred populations which is important for further understanding how genetic variation underlying phenotypic traits is maintained in the wild.
