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Non-invertibility is achieved by means of quantization.
A bit of the watermark is embedded in a group of coefficients by means of quantization.
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As in LTW encoder, the proposed video codec uses a scalar uniform quantization by means of two quantization parameters: rplanes and Q.
In these WZ video codecs, the target quality is defined by means of the quantization parameters which are applied to the key frames and WZ frames DCT coefficients if a transform domain coding approach is used.
However, the mean of the quantization noise is smaller than the mean of TM threshold over the whole ms long-time segment.
where is the transfer function from signal to output, and and are the variance and mean of the quantization noise associated to signal —which is related to.
If the mean of the quantization noise (in ms sub-band signal) is above the masking threshold, no bit-rate reduction is applied.
The reduction of feedback information is achieved by means of a differential quantization (DQ) of the CIR coefficients.
Wüthrich (2005, pp. 779 80) has argued that the very existence of approaches to quantum gravity that do not involve the quantization of the gravitational field means that quantization of the gravitational field has to be a contingent matter.
Since the reconstructed DCT coefficient will be forced to be in between the boundaries in (12), its accuracy highly depends on the quantization coarseness, this means on the number of quantization levels used; thus, for a higher QL value, the expectable distortion will decrease and viceversa.
After the target distortion and the estimated distortions for the various QLs are known, an exhaustive search is performed, at band level, to determine the best match; this process provides the optimal QL for each coefficient band j this means the minimum number of quantization levels (and thus the minimum rate) allowing to reach the target distortion.
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