In parallel, the rest of the angiosperm HyPRP gene family has been undergoing continuous diversification by means of gene duplications (including tandem duplications), point mutations and rearrangements of the N-terminal domain.
It has been suggested that the scale-free properties of biological networks may in part be due to a model of preferential attachment by means of gene duplication, whereby new nodes preferentially attach to existing highly connected nodes.
Evidence that the clusters have arisen by means of gene duplication events is provided by the conservation of gene order, intergenic distance and the head-to-head orientation of the α and β subunit genes in each cluster.
These copies tend to cluster by means of local duplications.
This cluster, which presumably arose by means of tandem duplications, is specific to diptera.
We show that the mean time required for the formation of the largest gene families detected in eukaryotic genomes is limited by the mean number of duplications per gene and does not increase indefinitely with the model degree.
The mean of simulated duplication times for each of three mechanisms are shown in Fig. 1a.
A total of 1838 gains and 5543 losses in nematode members were inferred for the 863 uni-cIntFams (Table S5), with a mean of 2.1 duplication and 6.4 deletion events per uni-cIntFam across these species.
The distributions of the mean d S of duplication nodes revealed two peaks in all sets, no matter the taxonomic inclusion: One peak with d S < 0.05, which probably represents recent duplications of individual genes, and a second peak at dS ∼ 0.50 with an observable valley between the two peaks (fig. 4).
Here, we describe the identification of several members of the FMO-gene family in lepidopteran species with a focus on sequences of the tiger moth family (Arctiidae), which recruited FMO-encoding genes for adaptation to PA-containing plants by means of a gene duplication early in its lineage.
